(7)	Cellular+respiration+–+The+process

media type="youtube" key="xbJ0nbzt5Kw" height="315" width="420"Cellular Respiration: Cellular Respiration occur in the organelle Mitochondria. It is the process when cells burn food to produce energy. The most common material for cellular respiration is glucose. Other materials can be carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. These materials have energy stored in the chemical bonds. Cellular respiration convert energy in the chemical bonds into usable form of energy. The energy in glucose can be used to turn into ATP. Cells use ATP to fulfill their energy needs. ATP is a nucleic acid, and has a ribosome sugar attached to the nitrogenous base adenine. ATP has three phosphate groups that carries negative charge. To be able to hold the three negative charge, the bonds have to be very powerful. If the bond is broken, the phosphates will be freed and the energy from the bond will be release to be use as fuel. When the cells need energy, it removes the phosphates from ATP. Cellular Respiration is more on making ATP, not breaking them down. To make ATP, cell burns glucose and adds new phosphate groups, adenosine diphosphate (ADP- 2 phosphates) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP - 1 phosphate). There are two types of respiration, aerobic and anaerobic. **I think that this diagram (left) is irrelevant to the idea. Since you guys spent alot of time drawing it i dont want to delete it.**

This is a formal video that explains clearly cellular respiration:

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This is another video which also explains what Cellular Respiration is. It might be harder to understand but it is interesting to watch as they have used the song "I got a feeling" but changed the lyrics to explain what Cellular Respiration is.

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Aerobic Respiration: This process use oxygen and glucose to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. This type of respiration is more efficient, but is more complicated. This process use 6 oxygen molecules for every sugar molecule:

There are four stages in aerobic respiration to get to the final product (6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + ATP). These four stages are Glycolysis, Intermediate, Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle), and ETC (Electron Transport Chain). The product of Glycolysis will be going through the Krebs Cycle, and the products from Krebs Cycle will go into ETC stage.

Glycolysis: First stage of the aerobic respiration, and it takes place in the cytoplasm. This occur in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration because this part doesn't require oxygen. Glycolysis, meaning glucose break down, breaks down one glucose molecule into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid (three-carbon compound), and resulting in 4 ATP molecules in the end. For the process of Glycolysis, only 2 ATP molecules are needed, so there is a net gain of 2 ATP molecules. Also as a result of Glycolysis, 2 molecules of NADH is also made.

Intermediate (Changing) Stage After the process of Glycolysis, the pyruvic acid (three-carbon compound) get transported to the mitochondria. In the mitochondria, the pyruvic acids undergo different chemical reactions which causes it to lose a CO 2 molecule, so now the pyruvate only have 2 carbons. The third carbon is released as carbon dioxide, which will produce another NADH molecule that will go toward the ETC (third stage). The product of the process (2 carbons) will combines with coenzyme A to form Acetyl-CoA.

Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) Krebs Cycle (takes place in the mitochondrial matrix) is a series of reactions that break down Acetyl-CoA to form ATP, NADH, and FADH 2. This stage produce: 1 molecule of ATP, 3 molecules of NADH, and 1 molecule of FADH 2. Since each glucose molecule splits into two pyruvic acids, the Krebs cycle would runs twice. Also in this process, CO 2, or carbon dioxide, is produced as a by-product for exhalation. The Krebs Cycle begins when Acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate (acid) interact and form a six-carbon compound citric acid. Then this citric acid molecule go through a series of 8-chemical reactions that strip down the carbons to make new oxaloacetate molecules. Extra carbon atoms will be release as CO 2. In the process of breaking citric acid, energy (in form of ATP, NADH, and FADH 2 ) can be made. The NADH and FADH 2 proceed to the ETC (third stage). In presence of oxygen, all the hydrogen (H 2 ) get stripped off of Acetyl-CoA to get the electrons used for making ATP. The Krebs Cycle does not directly oxygen (except for stripping hydrogen off of Acetyl-CoA), but it can only take place with presence of oxygen. The cycle relies on by-products from the ETC, which requires oxygen.

ETC (Electron Transport Chain) A lot of NADH and FADH 2 were made from the Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle. These molecules are also going to be turn into ATP. In the end, one glucose in aerobic respiration produce 38 ATP (2 from Glycolysis + 2 from Krebs Cycle + 34 from ETC). 10NADH + 2FADH 2 ---> 34 ATP The ETC consists of a set of three protein pumps embedded on the mitochondria membrane that are empowered by NADH and FADH 2. Using these energy, these pumps move positive hydrogen ions (H + ) from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space. This creates a concentration of gradient over the membrane. In the process of Oxidative Phosphorylation, positive hydrogen ions would diffuse back intro the matrix through a membrane protein call ATP synthase. This protein is opposite to the one that burn ATP against the concentration gradient. ATP synthase uses the "natural movement of ions" to make ATP. This flow can create the 34 ATPS. Wastes products from powering ETC can combine with oxygen to produce water molecules (H 2 O). Oxygen frees the NAD + and FAD and release it back to the Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and keep some in the ETC.

Anaerobic Respiration: Anaerobic Respiration is for organisms that live in places where oxygen might not be present. In this type of respiration, glycolysis is still present since this stage doesn't require oxygen (Krebs and ETC are cannot happen because these stages need oxygen). Even though it doesn't require oxygen, glycolysis still needs NAD +, which can be carry using oxygen from ETC to glycolysis. In anaerobic respiration, since there are no oxygen, fermentation will take place. Fermentation's goal is not to produce additional energy, but to supply NAD + so glycolysis can continue churning out its slow but steady stream of ATP. Pyruvic acid are not needed for fermentation, so they are used to regenerate NAD +. One glucose in anaerobic respiration can be turn into 2 ATP. There are two types of Fermentation, lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation:

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This is the table that shows the main differences between Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration:


 * ~ ** Aerobic ** ||~ ** Anaerobic ** ||
 * Use oxygen gas || Does not use oxygen gas ||
 * Large amount of energy released || Small Amount of energy released ||
 * Mitochondria involved || Mitochondria not involved ||
 * Carbon dioxide always produced || Carbon Dioxide sometimes produced ||
 * Water produced || Ethanol and lactic acid produced ||
 * 38 ATP || 2 ATP ||

This is a diagram that explains the steps of Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration.



Works Cited:
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"Cell Respiration." //SparkNotes: SAT Subject Test: Biology//. SparkNotes, n.d. Web. 19 Feb. 2012. [].

"Cellular Respiration." //Cliton Community College//. Cliton Community College, n.d. Web. 16 Feb. 2012. .

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//Cellular Respiration//. //You Tube//. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Feb. 2012. []. Mr. Hsu. //Cell Respiration" - Cellular Respiration Song// . //You Tube//. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Feb. 2012. [].

Pickering, W R. "Respiration provides the energy of life." //Complete Biology//. Oxford: n.p., 2000. 29. Print.

Samuel, Leslie. //Cellular Respiration - Energy in a Cell//. //YouTube//. N.p., 17 Dec 2010. Web. 19 Feb. 2012. [].

//3.1.6 What are the two types of anaerobic respiration//. //Youtube//. N.p., n.d. Web.19 Feb. 2012. .